 The Examples of Newmark’s Translation Procedures

• 1.     Transference: it is the process of transferring an SL word to a TL text. It includes transliteration and is the same as what Harvey (2000:5) named "transcription."

         Example               :- música rap and hookah (cultural term)

-Millenium Development Goal (MDGs) translated into Millenium Development Goal (MDGs)

• 2.       Naturalization: it adapts the SL word first to the normal pronunciation, then to the normal morphology of the TL. (Newmark, 1988b:82)

Example              : - Prague translated as Praha.

-professionalisation translated into profesionalisasi

• 3.       Cultural equivalent: it means replacing a cultural word in the SL with a TL one. however, "they are not accurate" (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example              :- Technical Vocational Education and Training (TVET) translated as   pendidikan dan pelatihan keterampilan kerja

        -“Ngaben” into “cremation”

• 4.       Functional equivalent: it requires the use of a culture-neutral word. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

            Example               : - Pecalang could be translated into traditional security guard

 -Genjek translated as a traditional singing circle originally from  Karangasem

• 5.       Descriptive equivalent: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained in several words. (Newmark, 1988b:83)

Example              : - J-dag could be translated into the first day that Christmas brews are released in Denmark

      -Samurai translated into the sword of Japanese aristocracy from the eleventh to the nineteenth century

           -make a living  translated intoi usaha mencari mata pencaharian

• 6.       Componential analysis: it means "comparing an SL word with a TL word which has a similar meaning but is not an obvious one-to-one equivalent, by demonstrating first their common and then their differing sense components." (Newmark, 1988b:114)

            Example               : componential analysis of “Canape” and “Fauteuil”

-canape translated into furniture for sitting on, with back and can be sat on not only by one person

-fauteuil translated into furniture for sitting on, with back and can be sat on not by one person only

• 7.       Synonymy: it is a "near TL equivalent." Here economy trumps accuracy. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

Example              : - high pricecan be translated into harga mahal

                -short pant translated as celana pendek

• 8.       Through-translation: it is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations and components of compounds. It can also be called: calque or loan translation. (Newmark, 1988b:84)

             Example               : -IMF translated as Dana Moneter Internasional

                -water fall  translated as air terjun

• 9.       Shifts or transpositions: it involves a change in the grammar from SL to TL, for instance, (i) change from singular to plural, (ii) the change required when a specific SL structure does not exist in the TL, (iii) change of an SL verb to a TL word, change of an SL noun group to a TL noun and so forth. (Newmark, 1988b:86)

              Example               : -the doors translated as pintu itu

                  -a pair of shoes  translated into sepasang sepatu

• 10.   Modulation: it occurs when the translator reproduces the message of the original text in the TL text in conformity with the current norms of the TL, since the SL and the TL may appear dissimilar in terms of perspective. (Newmark, 1988b:88)

               Example               : - disadvantaged population translated into masyarakat pra sejahtera

      -the laws of Germany govern this Agreement translated into perjanjian ini diatur oleh hukum Jerman.

• 11.   Recognized translation: it occurs when the translator "normally uses the official or the generally accepted translation of any institutional term." (Newmark, 1988b:89)

                Example               : -Rechtsstaat translated as constitutional state

                   -udenrigsminister translated as secretary of foreign affairs

• 12.   Compensation: it occurs when loss of meaning in one part of a sentence is compensated in another part. (Newmark, 1988b:90)

                Example               : -vengeance is mine! Translated into saatnya balas dendam!

       -what kind of sap do you take me for? Translated into kalian anggap aku bebek bodoh macam apa?

• 13.   Paraphrase: in this procedure the meaning of the CBT is explained. Here the explanation is much more detailed than that of descriptive equivalent. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example           :            The belief that investment in personal development will generate quantifiable returns is so persistent that donors are not deterred even by a lack of reliable (or credible) figures on how the names on enrolment forms tally with ‘bums on seat’ and with newly employed or self-employed people.

Keyakinan bahwa investasi dalam pengembangan diri akan mendatangkan hasil yang dapat dihitung sedemikian kuatnya sehingga donatur bahkan tidak tergoyahkan oleh tidak adanya bukti yang dapat dipercaya mengenai kecocokan antara nama yang tercantum dalam formulir pendaftaran dengan jumlah orang yang akhirnya duduk dalam kelas itu, dan dengan jumlah pegawai ataupun wiraswasta baru.

• 14.   Couplets: it occurs when the translator combines two different procedures. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

Example              : -rumah balon translated into great house (where the king and the family live)

       -deskilling translated into peniadaan keterampilan

• 15.   Notes: notes are additional information in a translation. (Newmark, 1988b:91)

             Example               : -debrecen => the city of Debrecen, in West Hungary

    -the approach³ => ³following Anthony’s (1963) use of the term approach to mean a set of assumptions dealing with the nature of language, learning, and teaching.